History and Development of Primary Education in the USA

Primary education in the USA has a long and rich history that dates back to the colonial times. The first primary schools in the USA were established by the Puritans in New England in the 17th century. They were called “common schools” and they aimed to teach children the basics of reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. They were mostly run by local communities and churches, and they were often one-room schoolhouses with a single teacher.

Primary education in the 18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th and 19th centuries, primary education in the USA expanded and diversified, as different regions, states, and groups developed their own systems and models of primary education. Some of the notable examples are:

The Lancasterian system, which was introduced by Joseph Lancaster in the early 19th century and involved a large number of students being taught by a few teachers and monitors in a large hall
The monitorial system, which was introduced by Andrew Bell in the early 19th century and involved a large number of students being taught by a few teachers and monitors in a large hall
The common school movement, which was led by Horace Mann in the mid-19th century and advocated for the establishment of free, universal, and secular primary education for all children
The progressive education movement, which was influenced by John Dewey and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and emphasized the importance of child-centered, experiential, and democratic primary education

20th and 21st centuries

In the 20th and 21st centuries, primary education in the USA continued to evolve and improve, as various reforms and innovations were introduced to address the challenges and opportunities of the modern era. Some of the notable examples are:

The standards-based education movement, which was initiated by the National Governors Association and others in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and aimed to establish clear and consistent standards and assessments for primary education across the nation
The No Child Left Behind Act, which was enacted by the federal government in 2001 and required all states to implement annual testing and accountability measures for primary education
The Common Core State Standards, which were developed by the National Governors Association and others in 2009 and adopted by most states as a common set of expectations and benchmarks for primary education
The Every Student Succeeds Act, which was enacted by the federal government in 2015 and replaced the No Child Left Behind Act, giving more flexibility and autonomy to states and districts in implementing and evaluating primary education

The main influences and inspirations of primary education in the USA are:

The European models of primary education, especially those of England, France, and Germany, which provided the foundations and frameworks for primary education in the USA
The American ideals of democracy, equality, and diversity, which shaped the goals and values of primary education in the USA
The American innovations and inventions, such as the printing press, the telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the television, the computer, and the internet, which transformed the methods and modes of primary education in the USA

Structure and Organization of Primary Education in the USA

Primary education in the USA is structured and organized in a complex and diverse way, as it involves multiple levels and layers of governance and administration. The main actors and entities involved in primary education in the USA are:

The federal government, which provides funding, guidance, and oversight for primary education in the USA, but does not have direct authority or control over it
The state governments, which have the primary responsibility and power for establishing and regulating primary education in the USA, such as by setting standards, curricula, assessments, and teacher qualifications
The local governments, which have the primary role and duty for operating and managing primary education in the USA, such as by creating and maintaining school districts, schools, and boards of education
The private sector, which has the primary option and choice for offering and delivering primary education in the USA, such as by running and operating private schools, charter schools, and homeschools

Primary education in the USA consists of four main levels and stages, which are:

Pre-primary education, which is optional and non-compulsory, and usually covers children from ages 3 to 5, such as in preschools, kindergartens, and daycare centers
Primary education, which is mandatory and compulsory, and usually covers children from ages 6 to 11, such as in elementary schools, which are divided into grades from 1 to 5 or 6
Intermediate education, which is optional and non-compulsory, and usually covers children from ages 12 to 14, such as in middle schools or junior high schools, which are divided into grades from 6 or 7 to 8 or 9
Secondary education, which is optional and non-compulsory, and usually covers children from ages 15 to 18, such as in high schools or senior high schools, which are divided into grades from 9 or 10 to 12

Broad and balanced curriculum that includes various subjects and areas of learning, such as:

Language arts, which covers reading, writing, speaking, listening, and literature
Mathematics, which covers arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and statistics
Science, which covers physical, life, and earth sciences
Social studies, which covers history, geography, civics, and economics
Arts, which covers visual, musical, and performing arts
Physical education, which covers health, fitness, and sports
Foreign languages, which covers languages other than English, such as Spanish, French, or Chinese
Technology, which covers computer skills, digital literacy, and media education

Standards and assessments to measure and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of primary education, such as:

The Common Core State Standards, which are a set of common expectations and benchmarks for primary education in the USA, especially in language arts and mathematics
The National Assessment of Educational Progress, which is a national test that measures the academic achievement and progress of primary students in the USA, especially in reading, mathematics, science, and writing
The State Standardized Tests, which are state-specific tests that measure the academic achievement and progress of primary students in the USA, especially in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies
The Teacher Evaluations, which are teacher-specific evaluations that measure the performance and effectiveness of primary teachers in the USA, especially in terms of their knowledge, skills, and practices

Teachers and Students of Primary Education in the USA

Teachers and students are the main participants and beneficiaries of primary education in the USA. They are the ones who make primary education happen and matter.

The main teachers of primary education in the USA are:

The primary teachers, who are the teachers who teach primary students in primary schools, usually in self-contained classrooms, where they teach all or most of the subjects to the same group of students
The specialist teachers, who are the teachers who teach specific subjects or areas to primary students in primary schools, usually in separate classrooms, where they teach different groups of students
The support teachers, who are the teachers who provide additional or specialized support to primary students in primary schools, such as special education teachers, English language learners teachers, gifted and talented teachers, and counselors

Qualifications and requirements of primary teachers in the USA are:

To have a bachelor’s degree or higher in education or a related field, preferably with a major or minor in the subject or area they teach
To have a state-issued teaching license or certificate, which usually requires passing a series of tests and exams, such as the Praxis tests, the edTPA, or the National Board Certification
To have a background check and clearance, which usually requires submitting fingerprints and other personal information to the state and federal authorities
To have a professional development and growth plan, which usually requires participating in ongoing training and learning opportunities, such as workshops, seminars, courses, or conferences

Roles and responsibilities of primary teachers in the USA are:

To plan and prepare effective and engaging lessons and activities that align with the standards, curricula, and assessments of primary education
To instruct and facilitate meaningful and interactive learning experiences that cater to the different learning styles and needs of primary students
To assess and monitor the learning outcomes and progress of primary students, using various methods and tools, such as tests, quizzes, assignments, projects, portfolios, or observations
To provide feedback and guidance to primary students, using various strategies and techniques, such as praise, criticism, suggestions, or questions
To manage and organize the classroom environment and resources, using various rules and routines, such as seating arrangements, schedules, or procedures
To communicate and collaborate with other teachers, administrators, parents, and stakeholders, using various modes and channels, such as meetings, emails, phone calls, or newsletters

Students of primary education in the USA are:

The primary students, who are the students who attend primary schools, usually from ages 6 to 11, and who learn the basic skills and knowledge of primary education
The intermediate students, who are the students who attend intermediate schools, usually from ages 12 to 14, and who learn the advanced skills and knowledge of primary education
The secondary students, who are the students who attend secondary schools, usually from ages 15 to 18, and who learn the specialized skills and knowledge of secondary education

The main needs and expectations of primary students in the USA are:

To have a safe and supportive learning environment, where they feel comfortable, respected, and valued
To have a challenging and stimulating learning experience, where they are motivated, engaged, and curious
To have a diverse and inclusive learning community, where they interact with and learn from different people and perspectives
To have a personalized and individualized learning path, where they have choices and options that suit their interests and abilities
To have a meaningful and relevant learning outcome, where they achieve and demonstrate their learning goals and standards

The main achievements and outcomes of primary students in the USA are:

To master the core academic skills and knowledge of primary education, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and science
To develop the essential life skills and competencies of primary education, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and communication
To acquire the foundational values and attitudes of primary education, such as respect, responsibility, and cooperation
To explore the various subjects and areas of primary education, such as arts, physical education, foreign languages, and technology
To prepare for the next levels and stages of education, such as intermediate, secondary, and higher education

Resources and Support of Primary Education in the USA

Primary education in the USA has a lot of resources and support that help make primary education possible and successful. These resources and support come from various sources and providers, and they have different costs and funding, facilities and equipment, and services and programs.

Sources and providers of primary education in the USA are:

The public sector, which provides public primary education, which is funded and regulated by the government and is usually free or low-cost for all children
The private sector, which provides private primary education, which is funded and operated by private entities and is usually more expensive and selective for children
The alternative sector, which provides alternative primary education, which is based on different philosophies and approaches and is usually more flexible and individualized for children

Costs and funding of primary education in the USA are:

The public funding, which comes from the federal, state, and local governments, and is usually based on taxes, grants, and allocations
The private funding, which comes from the private entities, such as schools, organizations, or individuals, and is usually based on fees, donations, or scholarships
The alternative funding, which comes from the alternative entities, such as foundations, associations, or networks, and is usually based on memberships, sponsorships, or partnerships

Facilities and equipment of primary education in the USA are:

The school buildings, which are the physical structures and spaces where primary education takes place, and which usually include classrooms, offices, libraries, cafeterias, auditoriums, gyms, and playgrounds
The school buses, which are the vehicles that transport primary students to and from school, and which usually have safety features, such as seat belts, cameras, and monitors
The school supplies, which are the materials and tools that primary students and teachers use for learning and teaching, and which usually include books, notebooks, pencils, pens, erasers, rulers, calculators, and scissors
The school technology, which are the devices and software that primary students and teachers use for learning and teaching, and which usually include computers, tablets, smartphones, projectors, printers, scanners, and internet

The main services and programs of primary education in the USA are:

The academic services and programs, which are the ones that support and enhance the academic learning and achievement of primary students, such as tutoring, mentoring, homework help, and enrichment classes
The social services and programs, which are the ones that support and enhance the social development and well-being of primary students, such as counseling, guidance, peer mediation, and conflict resolution
The extracurricular services and programs, which are the ones that support and enhance the extracurricular interests and talents of primary students, such as clubs, sports, arts, and music
The special services and programs, which are the ones that support and enhance the functional needs and abilities of primary students, such as special education, English language learners, gifted and talented, and special education

Primary Education in the World

Comparison and Contrast of Primary Education in the World

Primary education in the world is not the same everywhere. It varies and differs in different countries and regions of the world, depending on their history, culture, politics, economy, and society. There are many similarities and differences of primary education in the world, and there are many advantages and disadvantages of primary education in the world.

Some of the main similarities of primary education in the world are:

It is the first stage of formal education for children
It usually lasts for six to eight years, depending on the country and the system
It aims to provide children with the basic skills and knowledge they need to succeed in life and further education
It covers a broad and balanced curriculum that includes subjects such as language, mathematics, science, social studies, arts, and physical education
It uses a variety of teaching and learning methods that cater to different learning styles and needs of children
It involves a lot of interaction and collaboration between teachers and students, and among students themselves
It incorporates a lot of assessment and feedback to monitor and improve children’s learning outcomes
It provides a lot of support and guidance to children and their families

The main differences of primary education in the world are:

It has different names and terms, such as elementary education, basic education, or primary school, elementary school, or basic school
It has different ages and grades, such as starting from age 4 or 7, and ending at age 10 or 14, and having grades from 1 to 6 or 8
It has different goals and objectives, such as focusing on literacy and numeracy, or on creativity and critical thinking, or on cultural and environmental awareness, or on values and attitudes
It has different features and characteristics, such as being compulsory or optional, or being free or low-cost, or being public or private, or being alternative or mainstream
It has different standards and assessments, such as being national or regional, or being standardized or customized, or being summative or formative, or being high-stakes or low-stakes
It has different teachers and students, such as having different qualifications and requirements, or having different roles and responsibilities, or having different needs and expectations, or having different achievements and outcomes
It has different resources and support, such as having different sources and providers, or having different costs and funding, or having different facilities and equipment, or having different services and programs

Advantages of primary education in the world are:

It exposes children to different cultures and perspectives, which can broaden their horizons and enrich their experiences
It offers children different opportunities and choices, which can expand their possibilities and potentials
It inspires children to different innovations and inventions, which can enhance their creativity and productivity
It challenges children to different problems and solutions, which can improve their skills and competencies
It connects children to different people and networks, which can increase their social and professional capital

Disadvantages of primary education in the world are:

It creates inequalities and disparities among children, which can limit their access and quality of primary education
It causes conflicts and tensions among children, which can harm their peace and harmony of primary education
It generates confusion and complexity among children, which can hinder their understanding and clarity of primary education
It imposes pressure and stress among children, which can affect their health and happiness of primary education
It requires adaptation and adjustment among children, which can challenge their identity and belonging of primary education

Trends and Innovation of Primary Education in the World

Primary education in the world is not static and stagnant. It is dynamic and changing, as it adapts to the trends and innovation of the 21st century. There are many trends and innovation of primary education in the world, and there are many drivers and factors of primary education in the world.

Some of the main trends and innovation of primary education in the world are:

The globalization of primary education, which means the increasing integration and interconnection of primary education across the world, such as by sharing and exchanging ideas, resources, and practices, or by collaborating and cooperating on projects, programs, and initiatives
The digitalization of primary education, which means the increasing use and application of digital technology and online learning in primary education, such as by accessing and creating information, resources, and content, or by communicating and interacting with teachers, students, and others
The sustainability of primary education, which means the increasing awareness and action of environmental and social issues and challenges in primary education, such as by reducing and recycling waste, energy, and materials, or by promoting and practicing green, ethical, and responsible behaviors and actions
The innovation of primary education, which means the increasing creativity and experimentation of new and improved methods and modes of primary education, such as by integrating and combining different subjects and areas, or by implementing and evaluating different models and approaches

The main drivers and factors of primary education in the world are:

The economic drivers and factors, which are the ones that affect the demand and supply of primary education in the world, such as the level of income, employment, and development, or the availability of resources, funding, and markets
The political drivers and factors, which are the ones that affect the governance and regulation of primary education in the world, such as the type of government, system, and policy, or the degree of autonomy, accountability, and transparency
The social drivers and factors, which are the ones that affect the participation and inclusion of primary education in the world, such as the size, composition, and diversity of the population, or the values, norms, and expectations of the society
The cultural drivers and factors, which are the ones that affect the identity and expression of primary education in the world, such as the language, religion, and tradition of the culture, or the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of the people
The technological drivers and factors, which are the ones that affect the innovation and transformation of primary education in the world, such as the type, quality, and accessibility of the technology, or the skills, knowledge, and competencies of the users

Technology and Online of Primary Education in the World

Technology and online are two of the most influential and impactful aspects of primary education in the world. They have the potential to enhance and improve primary education in the world, but they also have the risks and challenges to hinder and harm primary education in the world.

Some of the main benefits and drawbacks of technology and online in primary education in the world are:

The benefits of technology and online in primary education in the world are:

1. They can increase the access and quality of primary education in the world, by reaching and serving more children, especially those who are marginalized, disadvantaged, or have functional needs, or by providing more resources, information, and content, especially those that are relevant, updated, and customized
2. They can enhance the engagement and motivation of primary education in the world, by creating and offering more interactive and immersive learning experiences, especially those that are fun, enjoyable, and rewarding, or by supporting and recognizing more diverse and inclusive learning communities, especially those that are collaborative, cooperative, and respectful
3. They can improve the skills and competencies of primary education in the world, by developing and fostering more critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and communication skills, especially those that are essential for the 21st century, or by facilitating and enabling more personalized and individualized learning paths, especially those that suit the interests and abilities of the learners

The drawbacks of technology and online in primary education in the world are:

1. They can create inequalities and disparities in primary education in the world, by excluding and discriminating some children, especially those who lack the access, affordability, or availability of technology and online, or by favoring and privileging some children, especially those who have the advantage, opportunity, or ability of technology and online
2. They can cause conflicts and tensions in primary education in the world, by disrupting and challenging the existing systems and models of primary education, especially those that are traditional, conventional, or authoritative, or by generating and spreading misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, especially those that are false, misleading, or harmful
3. They can impose pressure and stress on primary education in the world, by demanding and requiring more resources, time, and effort from the teachers, students, and parents, especially those that are scarce, limited, or constrained, or by exposing and risking more privacy, security, and safety issues for the teachers, students, and parents, especially those that are personal, sensitive, or confidential

The main tools and platforms of technology and online in primary education in the world are:

The hardware tools and platforms, which are the physical devices and equipment that enable and support technology and online in primary education in the world, such as computers, tablets, smartphones, projectors, printers, scanners, cameras, microphones, speakers, headphones, keyboards, mice, and touchscreens
The software tools and platforms, which are the digital applications and programs that enable and support technology and online in primary education in the world, such as operating systems, browsers, search engines, email, chat, video conferencing, social media, blogs, wikis, podcasts, webinars, e-books, e-learning, learning management systems, educational games, simulations, virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence
The content tools and platforms, which are the digital information and resources that enable and support technology and online in primary education in the world, such as websites, videos, images, audio, text, animations, graphics, maps, charts, diagrams, quizzes, tests, assignments, projects, portfolios, feedback, badges, certificates, and credentials

Alternatives and Options of Primary Education in the World

Primary education in the world is not limited and restricted to one single type or model. It has many alternatives and options that offer and provide different features and characteristics for different children and families. These alternatives and options can complement or supplement the mainstream primary education in the world, or they can replace or challenge the mainstream primary education in the world.

Alternatives and options of primary education in the world are:

The homeschooling alternative and option, which is the one that involves children being educated at home by their parents or guardians, rather than attending a formal school
The Montessori alternative and option, which is the one that is based on the philosophy and approach of Maria Montessori, and that emphasizes the importance of child-centered, self-directed, and experiential learning
The Waldorf alternative and option, which is the one that is based on the philosophy and approach of Rudolf Steiner, and that emphasizes the importance of holistic, artistic, and spiritual learning
The Reggio Emilia alternative and option, which is the one that is based on the philosophy and approach of Loris Malaguzzi, and that emphasizes the importance of collaborative, project-based, and inquiry-based learning

Features and characteristics of each alternative and option of primary education in the world are:

The homeschooling alternative and option has the following features and characteristics:

1. It gives more flexibility and autonomy to the children and families, as they can choose and decide the curriculum, schedule, pace, and method of learning
2. It provides more personalized and individualized learning for the children, as they can learn according to their interests, abilities, and goals
3. It fosters more family and community involvement and bonding for the children, as they can learn with and from their parents, siblings, relatives, friends, and neighbors
4. It requires more responsibility and commitment from the children and families, as they have to plan, prepare, and manage the learning process and outcomes
5. It faces more challenges and barriers from the society and system, as it has to comply with the laws, regulations, and standards of primary education

The Montessori alternative and option has the following features and characteristics:

1. It respects and follows the natural development and potential of the children, as they can learn at their own pace and level
2. It provides a prepared and stimulating learning environment for the children, as they can learn with and from various materials, activities, and experiences
3. It encourages the independence and initiative of the children, as they can learn by doing and discovering
4. It guides and supports the children by the teachers, who are called “guides” or “directors”, and who observe, facilitate, and assist the children’s learning
5. It integrates and balances the academic, social, emotional, and moral aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in mixed-age groups, with respect, responsibility, and cooperation

The Waldorf alternative and option has the following features and characteristics:

1. It nurtures and cultivates the imagination and creativity of the children, as they can learn through stories, arts, and crafts
2. It provides a rich and varied learning curriculum for the children, as they can learn with and from various subjects and areas, such as languages, mathematics, science, history, geography, music, drama, and gardening
3. It harmonizes and aligns the head, heart, and hands of the children, as they can learn with their thinking, feeling, and doing
4. It guides and supports the children by the teachers, who are called “class teachers” or “mentors”, and who stay with the same group of children for several years, forming a strong and lasting relationship
5. It integrates and balances the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in a natural and organic way, with rhythm, routine, and ritual

The Reggio Emilia alternative and option has the following features and characteristics:

1. It recognizes and values the curiosity and inquiry of the children, as they can learn by asking and answering questions
2. It provides a rich and meaningful learning project for the children, as they can learn with and from a topic or theme that is relevant and interesting to them
3. It encourages the expression and communication of the children, as they can learn by using and creating various languages and media, such as words, images, sounds, movements, and symbols
4. It guides and supports the children by the teachers, who are called “co-learners” or “partners”, and who document, reflect, and share the children’s learning
5. It integrates and balances the individual, group, and community aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in small and large groups, with dialogue, collaboration, and participation

Some of the main pros and cons of each alternative and option of primary education in the world are:

The homeschooling alternative and option has the following pros and cons:

The pros of homeschooling are:

- It can provide more flexibility and autonomy to the children and families, as they can choose and decide the curriculum, schedule, pace, and method of learning
- It can provide more personalized and individualized learning for the children, as they can learn according to their interests, abilities, and goals
- It can foster more family and community involvement and bonding for the children, as they can learn with and from their parents, siblings, relatives, friends, and neighbors
- It can offer more opportunities and choices for the children, as they can explore and pursue various subjects and areas, such as arts, sports, languages, or hobbies

The cons of homeschooling are:

- It can require more responsibility and commitment from the children and families, as they have to plan, prepare, and manage the learning process and outcomes
- It can face more challenges and barriers from the society and system, as it has to comply with the laws, regulations, and standards of primary education
- It can create more isolation and segregation for the children, as they may miss out on the social and cultural experiences and interactions of formal school
- It can cause more difficulties and disadvantages for the children, as they may lack the resources, support, and guidance of professional teachers and experts

The Montessori alternative and option has the following pros and cons:

The pros of Montessori are:

- - It can respect and follow the natural development and potential of the children, as they can learn at their own pace and level
  - It can provide a prepared and stimulating learning environment for the children, as they can learn with and from various materials, activities, and experiences
  - It can encourage the independence and initiative of the children, as they can learn by doing and discovering
  - It can guide and support the children by the teachers, who are called “guides” or “directors”, and who observe, facilitate, and assist the children’s learning
  - It can integrate and balance the academic, social, emotional, and moral aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in mixed-age groups, with respect, responsibility, and cooperation

The cons of Montessori are:

- - It can be more expensive and selective for the children and families, as it may require more fees, donations, or scholarships to access and afford Montessori education
  - It can be more difficult and challenging for the children and families, as it may require more adaptation and adjustment to the Montessori philosophy and approach
  - It can be more inconsistent and variable for the children and families, as it may depend on the quality and authenticity of the Montessori schools, teachers, and materials
  - It can be more isolated and detached for the children and families, as it may not align or integrate with the mainstream primary education system and society

The Waldorf alternative and option has the following pros and cons:

The pros of Waldorf are:

- - It can nurture and cultivate the imagination and creativity of the children, as they can learn through stories, arts, and crafts
  - It can provide a rich and varied learning curriculum for the children, as they can learn with and from various subjects and areas, such as languages, mathematics, science, history, geography, music, drama, and gardening
  - It can harmonize and align the head, heart, and hands of the children, as they can learn with their thinking, feeling, and doing
  - It can guide and support the children by the teachers, who are called “class teachers” or “mentors”, and who stay with the same group of children for several years, forming a strong and lasting relationship
  - It can integrate and balance the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in a natural and organic way, with rhythm, routine, and ritual

The cons of Waldorf are:

- - It can be more expensive and selective for the children and families, as it may require more fees, donations, or scholarships to access and afford Waldorf education
  - It can be more difficult and challenging for the children and families, as it may require more adaptation and adjustment to the Waldorf philosophy and approach
  - It can be more inconsistent and variable for the children and families, as it may depend on the quality and authenticity of the Waldorf schools, teachers, and materials
  - It can be more isolated and detached for the children and families, as it may not align or integrate with the mainstream primary education system and society

The Reggio Emilia alternative and option has the following pros and cons:

The pros of Reggio Emilia are:

- - It can recognize and value the curiosity and inquiry of the children, as they can learn by asking and answering questions
  - It can provide a rich and meaningful learning project for the children, as they can learn with and from a topic or theme that is relevant and interesting to them
  - It can encourage the expression and communication of the children, as they can learn by using and creating various languages and media, such as words, images, sounds, movements, and symbols
  - It can guide and support the children by the teachers, who are called “co-learners” or “partners”, and who document, reflect, and share the children’s learning
  - It can integrate and balance the individual, group, and community aspects of the children’s learning, as they can learn in small and large groups, with dialogue, collaboration, and participation

The cons of Reggio Emilia are:

- - It can be more expensive and selective for the children and families, as it may require more fees, donations, or scholarships to access and afford Reggio Emilia education
  - It can be more difficult and challenging for the children and families, as it may require more adaptation and adjustment to the Reggio Emilia philosophy and approach
  - It can be more inconsistent and variable for the children and families, as it may depend on the quality and authenticity of the Reggio Emilia schools, teachers, and materials
  - It can be more isolated and detached for the children and families, as it may not align or integrate with the mainstream primary education system and society

Conclusion

Primary education is one of the most important and influential stages of education for children. It provides them with the basic skills and knowledge they need to succeed in life and further education. It also helps them develop their physical, social, emotional, and moral abilities.

Primary education is not the same everywhere. It varies and differs in different countries and regions of the world, depending on their history, culture, politics, economy, and society. There are many similarities and differences of primary education in the world, and there are many advantages and disadvantages of primary education in the world.

Primary education is not static and stagnant. It is dynamic and changing, as it adapts to the trends and innovation of the 21st century. There are many trends and innovation of primary education in the world, and there are many drivers and factors of primary education in the world.

Primary education is not limited and restricted to one single type or model. It has many alternatives and options that offer and provide different features and characteristics for different children and families. These alternatives and options can complement or supplement the mainstream primary education in the world, or they can replace or challenge the mainstream primary education in the world.

The main purpose and audience of this article was to inform you, the reader, on primary education. Whether you are a parent, a teacher, a student, or a policy maker, you have learned a lot about the history, structure, organization, teachers, students, resources, support, comparison, contrast, trends, innovation, technology, online, alternatives, and options of primary education in the USA and in the world. You have also got some tips and recommendations on how to make the most of primary education for yourself or your children.

The main resources and references of this article are:

The World Bank. (2020). Primary Education. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/primaryeducation
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). Primary Education. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/themes/primary-education
The U.S. Department of Education. (2020). Elementary and Secondary Education. Retrieved from https://www.ed.gov/esea
The National Center for Education Statistics. (2020). Elementary and Secondary Education. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_caa.asp
The International Bureau of Education. (2020). World Data on Education. Retrieved from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/services/online-materials/world-data-on-education
The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (2020). TIMSS 2019. Retrieved from https://timss2019.org/
The Programme for International Student Assessment. (2020). PISA 2018. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm
The Homeschool Legal Defense Association. (2020). Homeschooling in the United States. Retrieved from https://hslda.org/legal/united-states
The American Montessori Society. (2020). Montessori Education. Retrieved from https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education
The Association of Waldorf Schools of North America. (2020). Waldorf Education. Retrieved from https://www.waldorfeducation.org/waldorf-education
The North American Reggio Emilia Alliance. (2020). Reggio Emilia Approach. Retrieved from https://www.reggioalliance.org/reggio-emilia-italy/reggio-emilia-approach/